![]() These PAMPs have certain characteristic of viral RNA that are not shared by cellular RNAs, such as regions of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or the presence of a 5′-triphosphate group. During the infection, conserved components from the pathogen called pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are recognized by host pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), such as retinoic acid-inducible gene-I protein (RIG-I) and toll-like receptor (TLR), leading to activation of innate immune signaling that finally induces the production of various cytokines and antiviral molecules such as interferons (IFNs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), Interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β. The innate immune response is the first line of defense against viral infections, which is rapid in response, but nonspecific. The immune system protects the body from outside invaders, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and toxins, as well as against cancers. The present invention generally relates to the field of immunology, and the enhancement of the immune response against pathogens such as viruses. 13, 2020, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The present application claims the benefit of U.S. The method of claim 39, wherein the viral infection is an influenza infection, an RSV infection or a SARS-CoV-2 infection. The method of claim 37, wherein the infection is a viral infection.Ĥ0. The method of claim 33, wherein the subject suffers from infection or is at risk of suffering from an infection.ģ9. A method for enhancing the immune response and/or treating an infection in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition of claim 1.ģ7. The oral dosage form of claim 29, which is a capsule or a tablet comprising from about 500 mg to about 2 g of the composition.ģ3. An oral dosage form comprising the composition of claim 1.ģ0. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises:Ģ9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises:Ģ6. The composition of claim 16, wherein the at least one carrier or excipient comprises (i) a binder, and wherein the composition comprises from about 2% to about 20% (w/w) of the binder and/or (ii) a lubricant, and wherein the composition comprises from about 0.05% to about 3% (w/w) of the lubricant.Ģ4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises at least one carrier or excipient.ġ7. The composition of claim 9, wherein the composition comprises about 1% to about 10% (w/w) of clove.ġ6. The composition of claim 9, wherein the composition comprises about 10% to about 30% (w/w) of cinnamon.ġ5. The composition of claim 9, wherein the composition comprises about 10% to about 30% (w/w) of gum arabic.ġ3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises gum arabic, cinnamon and/or clove.ġ1. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 20% to about 30% (w/w) of tannic acid.ĩ. The composition of claim 5, wherein the composition comprises from about 15% to about 20% (w/w) of tannic acid.ħ. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 10% to about 25% (w/w) of tannic acid.Ħ. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 40% to about 75% (w/w) of propolis.ĥ. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 20% to about 40% (w/w) of propolis.Ĥ. A composition comprising from 20% to about 75% (w/w) of propolis and from 10% to 30% (w/w) of tannic acid.ģ. ![]()
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